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Article History

Received: 11 September 2023

Accepted: 28 November 2024

First Online: 17 January 2025

Declarations

: • The authors received approval from the responsible authorities and the principals of all participating schools to conduct the study. Participation was voluntary and required an informed and written consent by the legal guardians. The study was not preregistered.

: • The presented research meets ethical guidelines as was confirmed by the ethical commission of the faculty of social and behavioural sciences at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena (approval number: FSV 22/094) and adheres to the legal German requirements.

: • Constanze Schadl served as lead for conceptualization, material preparation, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration; Anke Lindmeier served in a supporting role regarding these aspects and funded the research purpose. Both authors contributed to the manuscript’s first draft and read and approved the final manuscript before submission.

: • Test materials and the datasets generated and analysed during the presented study are available from the authors on reasonable request.

: • During the preparation of this work the authors used Grammarly Pro in order to improve language and readability. After using this service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed.