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Article History

Received: 1 November 2024

Accepted: 18 August 2025

First Online: 6 September 2025

Declarations

: The manuscript is original and has not been published elsewhere. All authors gave explicit consent to participate and consent for publication.

: All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent for participation and publication was obtained from all participants prior to the study and manuscript submission. The study received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of Shandong Normal University, where the research was initially conducted. All data access and ethical oversight responsibilities have since been formally transferred to Qilu Normal University, where the first author is currently affiliated.

: No potential conflict of financial or other interest was reported by the authors.