Document is current

Article History

Received: 14 October 2025

Accepted: 24 March 2026

First Online: 17 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involved the voluntary participation of university students who completed an online assessment of abstract thinking. Informed consent was provided through the submission of the test; participants were informed about the study’s purpose, data usage, and their rights prior to beginning. Identifiable information, such as email addresses used for follow-up communication, was stored securely and excluded from all publicly available datasets. The data were anonymized before analysis. The requirement for formal ethical approval was waived by the Ethics Committee of the Technical University of Munich, as the study posed minimal risk and complied with institutional guidelines for research involving human subjects.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.