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Article History

Received: 24 January 2025

Accepted: 25 March 2026

First Online: 31 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This research involved analysis of concept maps as educational tools and did not require ethics committee approval.

: All participants were fully informed about the aims of the study before participation. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. They were advised that participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw from the study at any time without providing any reason, and that their decision would not affect their course assessments in any way.

: In accordance with the Taylor & Francis AI Policy, we confirm that we have utilized Generative AI tools in the preparation of this manuscript. Specifically, we employed ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini (free versions) for editing purposes. These tools were used to enhance the clarity, conciseness, and grammatical accuracy of the text. We have carefully reviewed and revised the output from these tools to ensure the final manuscript accurately reflects our own original research and interpretations.

: The authors declare that they have no financial or non-financial interests that could be perceived as competing interests in relation to this research.