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Authors
Bernard, Henry
Abram, Nicola K.
Kuriting, Jain B.
Matsuda, Ikki
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
State Government of Sabah (LPK2304)
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (FRGS/1/2020/WAB11/UMS/02/1)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI (no. 24H00774)
JSPS Core-to-Core Program, Asia-Africa Science Platforms (JPJSCCB20250006)
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
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Article History
Received: 29 May 2025
Accepted: 20 August 2025
First Online: 11 November 2025
Declarations
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: We asked all informants whether they agreed for their information on proboscis monkey sightings to be shared or used for scientific research and publication. Any informant who did not consent had their information excluded from the data used in this paper. In all cases, free, prior, and informed verbal consent was obtained, and no personal data was recorded or retained to protect participants’ privacy. Verbal consent was deemed appropriate due to the informal nature of the interviews and the cultural context in which written consent might be perceived as intrusive or unnecessary.
: Not applicable. This study does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos).
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
: This research was led by a local principal investigator in partnership with the Sabah Wildlife Department and members of the local community, including one co-author from one of the districts where the study was conducted.
