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Authors
da Silva Teixeira, Clara Ondina Ferreira https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4893-1099
van de Waal, Erica https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7778-418X
Laska, Matthias https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5583-2697
Motes-Rodrigo, Alba https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4444-7723
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (CRSII-222818)
HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council (949379)
University of Lausanne
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Article History
Received: 6 April 2026
Accepted: 31 August 2026
First Online: 24 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate: The experiments that we report comply with the American Society of Primatologists’ Principles for the Ethical Treatment of Primates , with the European Union Directive on the Protection of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes (EU Directive 2010/63/EU), with the ARRIVE guidelines, and with current Swedish, Swiss, and South African animal welfare laws. Given the noninvasive, observational nature of the study, no specific ethical approval beyond the consent of the field-site director and the landowners was required to collect data.
Consent for Publication: All authors consent to the publication of this manuscript.
Conflict Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
