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Article History

Accepted: 22 July 2024

First Online: 13 August 2024

Declarations

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: “The material” resulting from the investigation in this paper (observations and quotes) is linked to public assemblies in which the name of citizens is said publicly, and they must register to be able to question elected representatives. The meetings are registered, publicly available, and covered by the local press. We have decided to make all the actors anonymous. We have sometimes specified councilors' age, origin, and political belonging – when it was relevant to the research. Consequently, they could be recognized by people familiar with the Montreal municipal world. We consider it conformed to ethical rules as their responses were public, assumed in the name of their political engagement, and as part of an accountability exercise. Because of the public nature of our observations, we did not ask stakeholders to sign a consent form (to be observed and to publish the result of our observation) following the advice of the institutional ethics committee. Our research got a certificate of ethics by the “Comité institutionnel d’éthique de la recherche avec des êtres humains” – Institutional ethics committee for research involving human beings (ciereh) – of the UQAM. Identifiant Nagano (UQAM): 2018–1715, 2005. The method used in this study adheres to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: The authors declare no competing interests.