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Article History

Received: 30 April 2024

Accepted: 4 November 2024

First Online: 12 November 2024

Declarations

:

: The research was approved by the Tianjin Normal University National Governance Institute. The approving institution of the ethics committee or institutional review board is the Tianjin Normal University Ethics Committee.

: The authors confirm that the work described in the manuscript has not been published before, and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. All authors have approved the manuscript and agree with its submission to the journal. The authors confirm that informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study, and that the research complies with all relevant ethical regulations and standards, including the Declaration of Helsinki. The authors also confirm that any potentially identifying information has been anonymized. The authors grant the publisher the right to publish the manuscript, including electronic and print formats, and any future forms of publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.