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Article History

Received: 3 March 2025

Accepted: 16 June 2025

First Online: 19 June 2025

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve experiments on humans or the use of human tissue samples. Ethical approval for the survey was granted by the Institutional Ethical Review Board of Zhejiang International Studies University (IERBZISU:25032024) on March 25, 2024. The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national guidelines to ensure participants’ rights and welfare were protected. All procedures complied with ethical standards for research involving human data. The online questionnaire ensured participant confidentiality and anonymity. Informed consent was obtained in two steps. First, participants received an information sheet outlining the study’s purpose, procedures, rights, and data protection measures. They were informed that participation was voluntary, and they could withdraw at any time without penalty. Participants then electronically signed a consent form, confirming their understanding and agreement to participate. No personal identifiers were collected, and responses were stored securely. The data was anonymized before analysis, and access was restricted to authorized researchers. Verbal informed consent was also obtained. The online questionnaire was distributed with approval from relevant school authorities.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.