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Article History

Received: 9 May 2025

Accepted: 14 November 2025

First Online: 8 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study involved the use of a publicly available, de-identified dataset from The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA). No human subjects were recruited, and no personal health information (PHI) was accessed. Radiological validation was conducted by an external clinical expert for image interpretation guidance only, with no access to patient-identifiable data. As such, formal ethical approval was not required. This study utilized publicly available and de-identified imaging data from The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA). As such, ethical approval and informed consent were not required. Access to the TCIA DBT dataset was granted under their data usage agreement, and all data were used in compliance with their policies.

: Not applicable.

: The data from TCIA is fully anonymized and publicly available. Informed consent for data collection and sharing was obtained by the original data providers and is managed by TCIA. Therefore, no additional informed consent was required for this study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.