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Article History

Received: 16 June 2025

Accepted: 9 December 2025

First Online: 17 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was not required for this study, as it used publicly available, anonymized data sources. All research procedures were conducted in accordance with standard ethical research practices and data protection principles.

: No direct human participation was involved in this study. Therefore, consent to participate was not applicable. The dataset used was openly accessible and contained no personally identifiable information.

: Consent to publish was not applicable, as the study did not include any individual or identifiable participant data. All results are presented in aggregated and anonymized form solely for academic and research purposes.

: The authors declare no competing interests.