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Article History

Received: 3 July 2025

Accepted: 2 January 2026

First Online: 7 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Sport and Human Body Science at Harbin Sport University (Approval No.: IRB-2025-HSP001). This committee is an independent ethics review body registered with the Ministry of Education (Registration No.: T12345678). The approval includes a thorough review of the sensor data collection protocol, participant risk assessment, and privacy protection measures, confirming that the study complies with the “Administrative Measures for Ethical Review of Biomedical Research Involving Humans” (2023 edition). This study strictly adheres to the ethical principles outlined in the “Declaration of Helsinki” for research involving human subjects. All experimental procedures comply with the relevant guidelines established by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, who were fully informed about the study’s purpose, potential risks, and the scope of data usage. No participants under the age of 16 were involved in this research.

: Written consent to publish this information was obtained from study participants.

: The authors declare no competing interests.