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Article History

Received: 27 October 2025

Accepted: 13 January 2026

First Online: 28 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This retrospective study (and all experimental protocols) was conducted with the approval of the Stanford Institutional Review Board (IRB) and under a waiver of informed consent. The study was approved for collaboration between Stanford University and the University of California Berkeley. All methods were carried out in accordance with the U.S. Common Rule (45 CFR 46) and applicable IRB policies. Consent to participate is not applicable. This study used de-identified retrospective data under IRB waiver of consent.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form.

: The authors declare no competing interests.