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Article History

Received: 13 August 2025

Accepted: 13 January 2026

First Online: 1 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study utilized two types of data sources: (i) a publicly available open-source dataset obtained from a GitHub repository containing images with sensitive personal information (e.g., Aadhaar card images), and (ii) standard benchmark images commonly used in image processing research. The authors did not collect or generate any original personal data. All sensitive data were used strictly for academic research purposes without any attempt at individual identification. As all datasets used are publicly accessible and no direct human participation was involved, formal ethical approval was not required.

: Not applicable. No new personal or sensitive data were generated or disclosed by the authors.

: Not applicable. The study did not involve direct interaction with human participants, and all data were obtained from publicly available sources.

: The authors declare no competing interests.