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Article History

Received: 30 October 2025

Accepted: 2 March 2026

First Online: 10 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. This study utilized a publicly available and anonymized dataset obtained from Kaggle: Chatbot Interaction Dataset ( ). The dataset contains de-identified learner interaction records and does not include personally identifiable information. As the research involved secondary analysis of open-access anonymized data and did not involve direct interaction with human participants, formal institutional ethical approval was not required in accordance with standard research ethics guidelines. Not applicable. The dataset used in this study was collected and made publicly available by the original dataset contributors on Kaggle. According to the dataset documentation, all interaction records are anonymized. The present study did not involve direct recruitment or contact with participants. Therefore, separate informed consent from participants was not required for this secondary data analysis.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.