Document is current

Article History

Received: 22 December 2025

Accepted: 2 March 2026

First Online: 11 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study used only secondary datasets obtained from publicly available repositories (OpenML and the UCI Machine Learning Repository). The datasets are standard machine learning benchmark datasets and are fully anonymized, containing no personally identifiable information. The authors did not recruit human participants, collect personal data, or access clinical or hospital records. Therefore, approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRB) or ethics committee was not required.

: As the research did not involve experiments on humans, human tissue, or identifiable personal data, the Declaration of Helsinki and related human-subject research regulations are not applicable to this study.

: Not applicable. Informed consent was not required because no human participants were involved and no identifiable personal data were collected or accessed by the authors.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no Conflict of interest.