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Article History

Received: 6 June 2025

Accepted: 16 April 2026

First Online: 19 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involves human participants. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Clearance Committee of the City Government of Addis Ababa Health Bureau (Ref. No.: A/A/20917/227, dated July 1, 2024 G.C [24/10/2016 E.C]). The study was conducted at Tirunesh Beijing General Hospital, which is administered under the City Government of Addis Ababa Health Bureau. Accordingly, all procedures and protocols performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Documentation of ethical approval is available from the authors upon reasonable request. The research team has obtained informed and written consent from all the participants involved in this study after describing the purpose of the research to them.

: Written informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardians for the publication of any potentially identifiable data included in this article. All identifying information has been appropriately anonymized, and no patient names or direct identifiers are included in the manuscript, figures, tables, or images, in accordance with journal guidelines.

: The authors declare no competing interests.