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Article History

Received: 1 December 2025

Accepted: 12 May 2026

First Online: 20 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The study uses publicly available benchmark datasets (CLPsych, DAIC-WOZ, and AVEC 2019) that were originally collected with appropriate ethical approvals by their respective data providers. This research involves secondary analysis of fully anonymized data and did not require additional ethical approval.

: Informed consent was obtained by the original dataset creators at the time of data collection. No additional participant consent was required for this study.

: All datasets used in this work are publicly available for research purposes, and no identifiable personal information is included. Consent for publication is therefore not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.