Document is current

Article History

Received: 11 October 2025

Accepted: 4 June 2026

First Online: 18 June 2026

Declarations

:

: All research studies on humans have been performed in accordance with the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki. This study complies with ethical standards and is approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hulunbuir University. All athlete sports data collection in this study was conducted within the framework of a joint research agreement signed with a collaborating professional football club. Before the experiment, the research purpose, data usage, and privacy protection measures were explained in detail to the club and all participating athletes (and their legal guardians, for underage athletes), and written informed consent was obtained. The collected data has been de-identified during subsequent processing and analysis, and is only used for algorithm training and performance validation in this study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.