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Article History

Received: 25 June 2026

Accepted: 26 August 2026

First Online: 1 September 2026

Declarations

Ethical approval and accordance: This study was conducted using a publicly available secondary dataset obtained from the Cancer Patients and Air Pollution dataset (Data World/Kaggle). No human participants were directly recruited, no clinical intervention was performed, and no personally identifiable information was collected or accessed by the authors. Therefore, formal ethical approval and institutional review board (IRB) approval were not required. The study was conducted in accordance with relevant research integrity principles and the publisher’s ethical guidelines.

Consent to participate: Not applicable. The study used a publicly available anonymized secondary dataset and did not involve direct participation of human subjects.

Consent for publication: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data, identifiable information, images, or personal records requiring consent for publication.

Declaration of AI Use: During the preparation of this manuscript, the authors used an AI-assisted language tool solely for language polishing, paraphrasing, grammar refinement, and improvement of textual clarity. The tool was not used to generate the scientific content of the work, including the study design, methodology, experiments, analyses, results, interpretations, or conclusions. All scientific content was developed, reviewed, and verified by the authors, who take full responsibility for the integrity, accuracy, and originality of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.