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Authors
Zhang, Yanqing https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9645-6990
Wärnberg, Hugo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4099-5343
Huehnerbein, Ruben https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3156-462X
Bhattacharya, Nilavra https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7864-7726
Brorsson, Emmanuel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4238-5976
Darnell, Andreas
Buelow, Fabian https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6561-6531
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
VINNOVA (2021-04336)
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01IS22030)
Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (AI212001)
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Article History
Received: 4 September 2025
Accepted: 15 January 2026
First Online: 6 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with GDPR guidelines. Before the user test, participants were informed about the consent form, which complies with GDPR requirements, and were asked to read it in advance. At the beginning of the evaluation, we reviewed the form with them again and emphasized key points, including that the interviews would be recorded, how the data would be used and stored, the retention period, and that all data would remain internal and confidential. Participants were also informed that they could request deletion of their data at any time. All participants signed the consent forms before the evaluation sessions were recorded. No sensitive personal data were collected; the focus was solely on their experience of using our prototype.
: This paper has been approved to publish externally by the key stakeholders internally at ABB. All co-authors have approved for this submission and publication.
: No competing interests.
