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Article History

Received: 17 November 2025

Accepted: 25 June 2026

First Online: 28 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics Approval: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Afyon Kocatepe University Social and Human Sciences Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee (Decision No: 2023/377, Date: 20.12.2023). Prior to data collection, all participants were presented with a digital informed consent form on the first page of the Google Form. They were informed that their participation was voluntary, anonymous, and that they could withdraw at any time without penalty. No personal identifying information (e.g., names, student IDs) was collected to ensure strict confidentiality.

Consent to Participate: All participants provided informed consent prior to participating in the study.

AI Declarations: In preparing this manuscript, the authors used the ChatGPT- 5.4 tool solely for language refinement and text editing purposes (e.g., improving grammar, clarity, and academic tone). The intellectual content, structure, arguments, data analysis, and interpretation were entirely developed by the authors. All outputs generated by the AI tool were thoroughly reviewed, revised, and verified by the authors before submission, and full responsibility for the final content lies with the authors.

Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest related to this study.