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Authors
Stearns, Natalie R. https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8707-2065
Kerig, Patricia K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8836-1967
Alexander, Ava R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9774-3454
Thomassin, Kristel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8729-2581
Craig, Stephanie G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5951-8424
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Justice (2014-R2-CX-0020)
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (CGS-M)
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Article History
Received: 15 September 2025
Accepted: 22 February 2026
First Online: 27 March 2026
Declarations
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: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All original materials and procedures were fully reviewed and approved by the IRBs of the University of Utah (#IRB_00057501) and the Utah State Department of Human Services (#0509). Ethical approval for use of secondary data in this study was obtained from the University of Guelph Research Ethics Board (Ethics Approval Number: 2025-0119-1909). Clinical trial number: not applicable. This study did not involve a clinical trial.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
: No authors have any conflicts of interest to declare.
