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Authors
Mehrkesh, Arash https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0348-1719
Natsuaki, Misaki N. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5585-7827
Yates, Tuppett M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0907-8520
Neiderhiser, Jenae M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4474-5330
Shaw, Daniel S.
Ganiban, Jody M.
Leve, Leslie D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3061-4524
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (ID 0951775)
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R56 HD042608)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH092118)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA045108)
Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (U2COD023375)
Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (U24OD023382)
Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (U24OD023319)
Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (UH3OD023389)
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Article History
Received: 2 December 2025
Accepted: 5 June 2026
First Online: 4 July 2026
Declarations
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: All study procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Boards at the University of Oregon (Sample A) and the University of California, Riverside (Sample B), and followed the ethical standards of the American Psychological Association.
: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
