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Article History

Accepted: 27 October 2024

First Online: 14 February 2025

Change Date: 5 December 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The funding text "This work was supported by EU-AIMS (European Autism Interventions), and EU AIMS-2 TRAILS", was corrected to ''This work was supported by EU-AIMS (European Autism Interventions), and AIMS-2-TRIALS''.

Declarations

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: Pilar Garcés is an employee at F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Tony Charman has served as a paid consultant to F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and Servier; and has received royalties from Sage Publications and Guilford Publications. Annelies de Bildt receives royalties due to her authorship for the Dutch version of the ADOS-2 and ADI-R, the proceeds of which go fully to Accare Child Study Center in Groningen, The Netherlands. Tobias Banaschewski served in an advisory or consultancy role for ADHS digital, Infectopharm, Lundbeck, Medice, Neurim Pharmaceuticals, Oberberg GmbH, Roche, and Takeda. He received conference support or speaker's fee by Medice and Takeda. He received royalities from Hogrefe, Kohlhammer, CIP Medien, Oxford University Press; the present work is unrelated to these relationships. Sven Bölte receives royalties from Hogrefe Publishers, Liber, Kohlhammer, and Ernst Reinhardt. He has in the last 3 years acted as a consultant or lecturer for Medice, Linus Biotechnology, and Roche. He is partner in NeuroSupport Solutions International. Declan Murphy has in the last 3 years acted as a consultant to Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and Jaguar Therapeutics. For the individuals in the EU-AIMS LEAP group: Daniel Brandeis served as an unpaid scientific advisor for an EU-funded neurofeedback trial unrelated to the present work. Daisy Crawley has served as a paid consultant to F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd Joerg Hipp is an employee at F. Hoffmann-La Roche LTD. Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg has received consultant fees and travel expenses from Alexza Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Defined Health, Decision Resources, Desitin Arzneimittel, Elsevier, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Gerson Lehrman Group, Grupo Ferrer, Les Laboratoires Servier, Lilly Deutschland, Lundbeck Foundation, Outcome Sciences, Outcome Europe, PriceSpective, and Roche Pharma; and has received speaker's fees from Abbott, Astra- Zeneca, BASF, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Pfizer Pharma, and Servier Deutschland. Antonio M. Persico has published textbooks with the S.E.U. editing company, and is participating in a pharmaceutical trial with Servier. Antonia San Jose Caceres currently works as a consultant for Servier and has, in the past, worked also for Roche as a consultant. Julian Tillman is an employee at F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd JB has been in the past 3 years a consultant to/member of advisory board of/and/or speaker for Janssen Cilag BV, Eli Lilly, Takeda/Shire, Roche, Novartis, Medice, Angelini, and Servier. He is not an employee of any of these companies and not a stock shareholder of any of these companies. The current work is unrelated to the grants and relations mentioned above. All other authors and other members of the EU-AIMS LEAP group report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.

: All procedures performed in this study were approved by the local ethical committees of the participating centers and in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardians (for participants under 18 years of age).