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Authors
Wu, Yuqi
Chan, Sandra S. M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5916-139X
Leung, Patrick W. L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0415-0124
Lo, Holly H. L.
Ho, Stephy W. S.
Mo, Flora Y. M. https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1004-6343
Ho, Carol S. W.
Shea, Caroline K. S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1867-1924
Su, Qi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9100-387X
Leung, Ting Fan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6469-1926
Chan, Francis K. L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7388-2436
Ng, Siew Chien https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6850-4454
Wong, Oscar W. H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0499-6082
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
InnoHK , the Government of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China (InnoHK , the Government of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China)
InnoHK , the Government of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China (InnoHK , the Government of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China)
The D.H. Chen Foundation (The D.H. Chen Foundation)
The D.H. Chen Foundation (The D.H. Chen Foundation)
The Hong Kong PhD Fellowship Scheme (PF22-77807)
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Article History
Received: 1 June 2025
Accepted: 28 October 2025
First Online: 17 November 2025
Declarations
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: S.C.N. has served as an advisory board member for Pfizer, Ferring, Janssen and Abbvie and received honoraria as a speaker for Ferring, Tillotts, Menarini, Janssen, Abbvie and Takeda; has received research grants through her affiliated institutions from Olympus, Ferring and Abbvie; is a founder member, non-executive director, non-executive scientific advisor and shareholder of GenieBiome Ltd which is non-remunerative; is a shareholder of MicroSigX Diagnostic Holding Limited; is a founder member, non-executive Board Director, and non-executive scientific advisor of MicroSigX Biotech Diagnostic Limited, which is non-remunerative; and receives patent royalties through her affiliated institutions. F.K.L.C. serves as the Principal Investigator for the Faecal Microbiota Transplantation Service under the Hospital Authority (HA). He is a Board Director of EHealth Plus Digital Technology Ltd., an HA-owned subsidiary driving the eHealth+ programme to transform the Electronic Health Record Sharing System into a comprehensive digital healthcare platform and advance other IT initiatives within the eHealth ecosystem. Additionally, he is a Board Director of CUHK Medical Services Limited. He is a shareholder of GenieBiome Holdings Limited and the co-founder, non-executive Board Chairman, and non-executive Scientific Advisor of its wholly owned subsidiary, GenieBiome Ltd. Similarly, he is a shareholder of MicroSigX Diagnostic Holding Limited and the co-founder, non-executive Board Chairman, and non-executive Scientific Advisor of its wholly owned subsidiary, MicroSigX Biotech Diagnostic Limited. He also serves as a Director of the Hong Kong Investment Corporation Limited and a member of the Steering Committee for the RAISe+ Scheme under the Innovation and Technology Commission. Furthermore, he is the Co-Director of the Microbiota I-Center (MagIC) Ltd.
: The study protocol was conducted in adherence to the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethics approval was granted by the Joint Chinese University of Hong Kong-NTEC Clinical Research Ethics Committee (reference: 2021.550).
: Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardian of the participants.
