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Article History

Received: 3 November 2025

Accepted: 20 January 2026

First Online: 9 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Catherine Lord receives royalties from Western Psychological Services (WPS) for the sales of the ADOS-2, SCQ, and ADI-R.

: The BOSA is copyrighted by WPS due to its overlap with the ADOS and BOSCC, but it is currently available without cost with permission from WPS for researchers. This study received ethical approval from the University of California, Los Angeles Institutional Review Board (#23–000535) in May 2023. All study procedures were conducted in compliance with the ethical standards of the institutional research ethics committee. Written informed consent was obtained from all adult participants, or from parents or legal guardians for minor participants and those unable to provide consent.

: Data collection was performed by all authors. M.T., J.L. and C.L. contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and analysis were performed by the first author. M.T. and J.L. wrote the original draft, and all authors contributed to reviewing, editing and approved the final submission.