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Authors
Cottle, Jeremy J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-9793
Arnold, Zachary Enos https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1026-8089
Guest, Kristi C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4279-8017
Mrug, Sylvie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5426-8713
Brisendine, Anne E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7050-2178
Khatri, Snehal https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4059-0389
O’Kelley, Sarah E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6025-0074
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Maternal and Child Health Bureau (T73MC00003‐33‐00)
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Article History
Received: 12 January 2026
Accepted: 31 August 2026
First Online: 11 September 2026
Declarations
Competing Interests: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Ethical Approval: This research study was conducted retrospectively from data obtained for clinical purposes. This retrospective chart review study was in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1965 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The IRB of The University of Alabama at Birmingham approved this study, including waiving the need to obtain consent from participants.
