Document is current

Article History

Received: 28 February 2025

Accepted: 30 October 2025

First Online: 15 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The perceptions, ideologies, and reasoning presented in this article reflect the authors’ perspectives and do not necessarily represent the views, ideologies, reasoning and/or logic of all researchers in the field.

: The initial version of the manuscript is uploaded in a MedRxiv website as a preprint (https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.24.24314297v1).

: The study is approved by IRB [Wake Forest University (IRB00023594) and Michigan State University (STUDY00003215)]; consent and the declaration of informed consent for data usage are provided in the survey documentation of our former publication: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(21)00401-6/fulltext.

: Sherry Moss and Morteza Mahmoudi are directors of the Academic Parity Movement (www.paritymovement.org), a non-profit organization dedicated to addressing academic discrimination, violence and incivility. MM is a co-founder of Targets' Tip, and he receives royalties/honoraria for his published books, plenary lectures, and licensed patent.