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Article History

Received: 1 July 2025

Accepted: 27 January 2026

First Online: 13 February 2026

Declarations

: We declare that this manuscript is original, has not been published before and is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere. We have no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there was no financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcomes. As the Corresponding Author, I confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved for submission by all the authors.

: This study was reviewed for ethics by the Nazarbayev University Institutional Research Ethics Committee (NU IREC) and was granted an ethics approval

: Consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants by providing informed consent form.

: The authors acknowledge the use of OpenAI’s ChatGPT for language refinement and clarity improvement during the preparation of this manuscript. All ideas, interpretations, and analyses presented remain the sole responsibility of the authors.

: No competing interests.