Funding for this research was provided by:
European Commission (No 640720 (Photofuel))
Università degli Studi di Firenze
Article History
Received: 12 March 2026
Revised: 5 July 2026
Accepted: 16 July 2026
First Online: 1 August 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: Natascia Biondi has no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article; the annular reactor is commercialized by Fotosintetica & Microbiologica S.r.l., in which Liliana Rodolfi has and Mario R. Tredici had a financial interest.