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Authors
Dai, Zi-Qi
Kong, Ming-Yue
Li, Tian-Jiao
Wu, Xu-Jin
Zhang, Xue-Song
Li, Rui
Chen, Xin https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0412-8660
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Article History
Received: 13 June 2025
Accepted: 29 July 2025
First Online: 14 August 2025
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as was revised in 2013). This study used de-identified, publicly available data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), conducted by CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). All NHANES protocols were reviewed and approved by the NCHS Ethics Review Board (ERB). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants by NCHS. As this is a secondary analysis of anonymized public data, no additional IRB approval was required.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
