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Article History

Accepted: 1 August 2022

First Online: 25 August 2022

Compliance with Ethical Standards

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: H.M.F., D.T., I.F., and M.E.W. declare that they have no competing interests. J.M.L., J.H., and C.L.W. are co-developers of PLH Children, which is licensed under a Creative Commons 4.0 Non-commercial No Derivatives license, and, with colleagues, co-founders of the Parenting for Lifelong Health initiative. J.H. is Co-director of the Children’s Early Intervention Trust, a non-profit institution responsible for the dissemination of the program in Europe. J.M.L. and J.H. receive occasional fees for providing training and supervision of PLH facilitators, coaches, and trainers. J.M.L., J.H., and C.L.W. have participated (and are participating) in a number of research studies involving the program, as investigators, and the University of Oxford, University of Cape Town, and Bangor University receive research funding for these. N.H. serves as an international advisory board member for the Triple P program. Conflict is avoided by declaring this potential conflict of interests; and by conducting and disseminating rigorous, transparent and impartial evaluation research on both this and other similar parenting programs.

: Ethical approval was granted by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Klagenfurt and local ethics committees in North Macedonia, Republic of Moldova and Romania. All procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the APA ethical standards in the treatment of the study sample.

: Informed written consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.