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Article History

Accepted: 30 March 2025

First Online: 27 August 2025

Compliance with Ethical Standards

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: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

: The study passed the rigorous ethical review of the correspondence author’s university and Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychology and Behavior (Ethical Pass Number: 20220711002). All participants signed an informed consent form, and all the ethical considerations set out in the Declaration of Helsinki were met. The study met all ethical criteria for research with human beings (informed consent, right to information, full confidentiality, non-discrimination, free participation, and the right to abandon the study at any point). The research assistants were informed of the study aim and process and were ensured of the confidentiality of data.