Article History
Accepted: 9 June 2025
First Online: 11 July 2025
Compliance with ethical standards
:
: The authors declare no competing interest. The research involves human participants. For Study 1, the institutional review board (IRB) approved the study through the expedited review process (approval number: 2013-02-0063). Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Study 2 is a secondary data analysis involving publicly available data. The Korean Educational Development Institute obtained IRB approval for their original study and collected informed consent from parents and assent from children who participated.