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Article History

Received: 8 January 2024

Accepted: 9 March 2026

First Online: 24 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The author declares no competing interest.

: All study participants signed consents, and parents or guardians gave written informed consent for those under 18.

: The research was conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the institutional ethics board of Redeemers University, Nigeria (REC/30/08/2021/RUN/07). Additionally, data collection was authorized by the Local Education Authority and the principals of the participating schools. Before data collection commenced, parents and guardians of participants under 18 were sent letters with research details through the school heads: only students who returned signed consent forms participated in the study. Also, all participants provided individual assent before completing the survey, a self-completed paper-based questionnaire. It was made clear to the students that their survey responses were confidential, their participation was voluntary, and that refusal to participate or withdraw from the study at any point carried no penalties. No incentives for participating in the survey were provided.