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Authors
İncekara, Hayri https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0898-3422
Göçen, Ahmet https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9376-2084
Yalçın, Mehmet Tufan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8386-2308
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Afyon Kocatepe University
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Article History
Received: 26 June 2025
Accepted: 10 February 2026
First Online: 5 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
: No ethical permission is needed, as the study included international open data from the TALIS 2018 dataset.
: We have used AI tools only for copy editing. We have not added related sections in the method as the use of an LLM (or other AI-tool) for “AI assisted copy editing” purposes does not need to be declared.
