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Article History

Received: 23 April 2025

Accepted: 21 July 2025

First Online: 27 August 2025

Declarations

:

: SN: Consultant for CardioSolv, ImriCor, Dyne Pharmaceuticals, and Circle CVI; and principal investigator for research funding from Biosense Webster, ImriCor, ADAS software, and the US NIH.GS: Lecture honoraria from Biosense Webster and Boston Scientific.DSF: Lecture honoraria from and investigator for Biosense Webster.FM: Consultant for Biosense Webster,Abbot Medical, and Medtronic; and has served as an investigator with research funding from Biosense Webster.TM: Consultant and educational honoraria for Biosense Webster, Abbott, Boston Scientific, and Medtronic.JAC: supported by NIH grants U01-TR003734, U01-TR003734-01S1, UO1-HL160277, R33-HL-146390, R01-HL153646, K24-AG070459, R01-AG058969, R01-HL157108, R01-HL155599, R01-HL104106 and R01HL155764. He has recently consulted for Bayer, Fukuda-Denshi, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Johnson & Johnson, Edwards Life Sciences, Merck, and NGM Biopharmaceuticals. He received University of Pennsylvania research grants from National Institutes of Health, Fukuda-Denshi, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Microsoft and Abbott. He is named as inventor in a University of Pennsylvania patent for the use of inorganic nitrates/nitrites for the treatment of Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction and for the use of biomarkers in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. He has received payments for editorial roles from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, Elsevier and Wiley, and payments for academic roles from the University of Texas, Boston University, and Virginia Commonwealth University. He has received research device loans from Atcor Medical, Fukuda-Denshi, Unex, Uscom, NDD Medical Technologies, Microsoft and MicroVision Medical.The remaining authors report no disclosures relevant to this manuscript.