Mohamed, Rosnita
Abdullah, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9779-8586
Razak, Rafiza Abd
Lee, Tung Lik
Imjai, Thanongsak
Mydin, Md Azree Othuman
Yahya, Zarina
Arokiasamy, Pilomeena
Hao, Dickson Ling Chuan
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (JPT.S (BPKI)2000/016/018/019 Jld. (10))
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Article History
Received: 4 July 2025
Accepted: 3 September 2025
First Online: 19 September 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that there are not any known conflict of financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: Our study did not require an ethical board approval because it did not contain human or animal trails.