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Authors
Rispandi, https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9928-1481
Nusyirwan, Nusyirwan
Utami, Lega Putri
Ikhsan, Alfikri
Rianto, Alika Fathiinah
Simanjuntak, Manna Septriani
Chu, Cheng-Shane
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Article History
Received: 15 December 2025
Accepted: 1 January 2026
First Online: 13 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
: This study did not involve human participants or animals, and no ethical approval was required. All research procedures adhered to relevant ethical guidelines and best practices for non-human and non-animal research. The authors declare that this manuscript is original, has not been published before, and is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere.
