Han, Xiao
Li, Miao
He, Ruijun
Kong, Lingli
Cao, Kenan
Zhang, Hongye
Ma, Chao
Yang, Zenan https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0369-8163
Funding for this research was provided by:
Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials (KH9A240322)
Article History
Received: 15 November 2025
Accepted: 3 February 2026
First Online: 10 March 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: The authors declare that this work does not involve any studies on human participants or animals. All experiments were conducted on metallic materials, and no ethical approval was required.