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Authors
Venturelli, Giovanni https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5820-5415
Levi, Marinella
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Politecnico di Milano
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Article History
Received: 16 January 2026
Accepted: 5 May 2026
First Online: 19 May 2026
Declarations
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: On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
: Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants, human data, or live vertebrate animals. The tested genuine Nile crocodile leather ( Crocodylus niloticus ) was commercially sourced through legal trade as an already-tanned material, and no procedures were performed on live animals. Therefore, ethics committee/IRB approval or a waiver was not required, in accordance with the guidelines of the Ethical Committee of Politecnico di Milano for studies not involving human participants or live animals.
