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Authors
Tan, Y. P.
Mohd Salleh, M. A. A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9523-7558
Sauli, Z.
Somidin, F.
Kamonsuangkasem, K.
Tancharakorn, S.
Tantanuch, W.
Nakajima, H.
Nogita, K.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Malaysia Perlis ((FRGS/1/2024/TK09/UNIMAP/02/8))
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
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Article History
Received: 18 June 2025
Accepted: 31 August 2025
First Online: 9 September 2025
Declarations
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: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests and affirm that this work adheres to the journal’s ethical and professional conduct requirements, including compliance with COPE guidelines. The research was conducted with integrity, ensuring originality, proper acknowledgement of prior work, avoidance of redundant publication, and accurate presentation of data without fabrication, falsification, or inappropriate manipulation. This work is supported by Fundamental Research Grant (FRGS) under the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (FRGS/1/2024/TK09/UNIMAP/02/8) and Nihon Superior.
