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Authors
Udofa, Emaediong Sylvanus
Mohamed Ali, Mohamed Sultan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4692-2954
Leow, Pei Ling
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Qatar University (IRCC 2025 700)
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (FRGS/1/2022/TK07/UTM/02/42)
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Q.J130000.3823.22H55.)
Qatar University
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Article History
Received: 24 May 2025
Accepted: 13 November 2025
First Online: 20 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
