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Authors
Abdul Hamid, Siti Nor Fazlina
Mohd Ahir, Zon Fazlila
Omar, Muhammad Rabie
Mohd Rais, Ahmad Rujhan
Sopian, Kamaruzzaman
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Sains Malaysia (R501-LR-RND002-0000000210-0000)
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Article History
Received: 3 December 2025
Accepted: 15 April 2026
First Online: 25 April 2026
Declarations
:
: Not applicable.
: All the authors have made substantial contributions regarding all data analysis, drafting, and revising the manuscript. We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfy the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us. This research paper has not been previously published and is not currently under consideration by another journal. All authors have played their roles in producing this research paper. Thus, all authors have approved and agreed to submit this final paper to this journal.The authors declare no competing interests.
