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Authors
Desbiens, Shannon https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6168-441X
Darabos, Katie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3325-079X
McHugh, Sean https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5377-0613
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Article History
Received: 10 September 2025
Accepted: 9 June 2026
First Online: 19 June 2026
Declarations
Conflict of interests: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Ethical approval: This study utilized data that is publicly available from the Health and Information Trends Survey Cycle 6 Data Linkage Project (2022) from the National Cancer Institute. The following statement outlines the IRB approval of the relevant data “The HINTS 6 general population survey was designated “exempt research” under 45 CFR 46.104 and approved by the Westat IRB on May 10, 2021 (Project # 6632.03.51), with a subsequent amendment approved on November 24, 2021 (Amendment ID #3597). HINTS 6 also received a “Not Human Subjects Research” determination from the NIH Office of IRB Operations on August 16, 2021 (iRIS reference number: 562715).”
Consent to participate: Not applicable.
Consent to publish: Not applicable.
