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Authors
Marszałek, Magdalena https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8609-9149
Retowski, Sylwiusz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6133-0658
van Dick, Rolf https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6308-9466
Roczniewska, Marta https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0815-1455
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Minister of Science and Higher Education Poland (SUB/IPsy/2022/10)
Polish Social Psychological Society
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Article History
Received: 20 July 2024
Revised: 21 December 2025
Accepted: 7 January 2026
First Online: 24 March 2026
Declarations
Ethics Approval: All studies were approved by the Departmental Ethical Review Board at SWPS University, Poland—decision no.: WKE/S 2022/14/III/114 (Study 1), and KEBN/IPs/02/2024 (Studies 2, 3).This manuscript has not been published and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. The data (partially or entirely) of the current submission has not been shared in other published articles and has not been used in other manuscripts that are under consideration in other publication outlets. The results based on the data from all three studies were presented during the symposium session at the 16th Conference of The European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology Conference in Spain in 2024, June 5–07 (Marszałek et al., 2024; see ). The results of Study 1 were presented during the conference session at the 21st Congress of European Association of Work and Organizational Psychology in Poland in 2023, May 24–27 (Marszałek et al., 2023; see ).
Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
