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Authors
Nugraha, Muhammad Izzat https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4286-9308
Yamada, Katsumasa
Ishikawa, Akira
Subhan, Beginer
Chiang, Kuo-Ping
Kim, Young-Ok
Tsai, Sheng-Fang
Kosaka, Yuki
Sato-Okoshi, Waka
Nishitani, Goh
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (KAKENHI)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (No. 23H02283)
Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST SPRING)
Japan Science and Technology Agency (No. JPMJSP2114)
Hashimoto-road Co., Ltd., Miyagi Pref., Japan
WPI-AIMEC SOKAP-Connect SEAQUEST
EQUITY Program, Indonesian Ministry of Higher Education (Contract No. 4297/B3/DT.03.08/2025)
EQUITY Program, Indonesian Ministry of Higher Education (No. 42011/IT3/HK.07.00-4/P/B/2025)
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Article History
Received: 13 May 2025
Revised: 17 March 2026
Accepted: 19 March 2026
First Online: 29 April 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
: Ethical approvals were not required because this study involved only marine planktonic microorganisms ( Noctiluca scintillans ), which are not regulated or protected species and do not involve vertebrate or human subjects. Sample collection followed national guidelines for marine research, with permits obtained where required, and access to genetic materials complied with the Nagoya Protocol under the collaboration between Tohoku University and IPB University.
: No human participants, personal data, or human tissues were involved in this research; therefore, informed consent was not applicable.
