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Article History

Received: 28 December 2021

Accepted: 9 September 2022

First Online: 12 November 2022

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by a rare disease project of the Oxford IBD cohort (ethics number: 09/H1204/30) and the ethics committee of the Children’s Hospital of Fudan University (ethics number: [2015]-130). All genetic datasets available are publicly available as part of population based and disease databases. Patient phenotype information was extracted from previously published datasets or unpublished data from the Children’s Hospital of Fudan University. If unpublished data were accessed or patient and parent samples were analyzed functionally, written informed consent of parents or guardians was available.

: Patients consented to clinical research via the Children’s Hospital of Fudan University (ethics number: [2015]-130) or via the Oxford GI biobank.

: Patients consented to publication via the Children’s Hospital of Fudan University (ethics number: [2015]-130) or via the Oxford GI biobank.

: No conflict of interest related to this article. H. H. U. has received research support or consultancy fees from Janssen, UCB Pharma, Eli Lilly, MiroBio, BMS/Celgene, and AbbVie. DA was supported by a UCB Pharma fellowship and is an employee of Novartis Pharma AG. MC is an employee of SenTcell Ltd. S.B.S. declares the following interests: Scientific advisory board participation for Pfizer, Pandion, Celgene, Lilly, Takeda, Cosmo Pharmaceuticals, Merck, and EcoR1. Grant support from Pfizer, Novartis, Amgen, and Takeda. Consulting for Amgen, Kyverna, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dualyx, Third Rock, Sonoma Biotherapeutics, 89bio, GentiBio and Apple Tree Life Sciences. SBS, AM, and CK also receive funding from NIH 5RC2DK122532.