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Article History

Received: 9 July 2025

Accepted: 4 November 2025

First Online: 10 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the guidelines of the Austrian Agency of Research Integrity (OeAWI). With respect to the clinical immunological analyses this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Immunology Outpatient Clinic as a study using the residual specimen’s biobank of the Immunology Outpatient Clinic. According to the Ethics Committee of the City of Vienna and the legal regulations to be applied (§15a Abs. 3a Wiener Krankenanstaltengesetz) no additional ethics committee evaluation is required for a non-interventional study using data collected as part of the routine medical care the patients received. The families of the patients gave their informed consent that anonymized data collected as part of the routine medical attendance (serum antibody and flow cytometry analysis, activation-induced marker assay) could be included in a scientific publication. All patient information in this study is anonymized and deidentified. No extra intervention was carried out.

: This research involves observational data analysis as well as laboratory-based experiments and does not include any medical intervention, drug testing, or treatment procedures involving human subjects in a clinical setting. (Clinical trial number: not applicable).

: The authors declare no competing interests.